- The Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches (IFCMA) was launched in February 2023 to discuss ways to boost global emissions reductions through improved collaboration. In May 2025, the IFCMA published a new paper “to collect, harmonise and compare the effects of climate policies across a wide range of sectors and policy instruments.”
- In April 2025, 63 out of 103 voting UN member states in the International Maritime Organization (IMO) voted to approve a net-zero framework for the shipping industry, which imposes mandatory emissions limits and greenhouse gas pricing on most of the world’s shipping fleets. The rules are expected to apply from 2027 to large ships.
- COP30 will be held in Belem, Brazil, in November 2025, when countries will need to present the second round of nationally determined contributions (NDCs).
- Timing: this is a continuing area of development affecting many countries, so there is no specific timeframe for changes.
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